FOLHA VEST/ CADERNO 7

FOLHA VEST/ Caderno 7

20/03/23

01. (UEL)

“Parece que todo lo que viene de los mayores no tiene valor y esto hay que cambiarlo, entre todos”

Vivimos en una sociedad donde la belleza y la juventud parecen ser lo único importante, donde parece que la experiencia y el conocimiento de los mayores ha perdido importancia. Pero eso no quiere decir que se les haya acabado su oportunidad, todo lo contrario, las previsiones indican que el sector de los servicios a personas mayores es el que más va a crecer en los próximos años. "El futuro está en el sénior, por tanto, ahora más que nunca debemos aunar esfuerzos para mejorar su calidad de vida", explica Ana Margarito, CEO de la plataforma 60 y mucho +, que ofrece información sobre productos, servicios, noticias, formación, deportes, salud o viajes.

Para la experta, las personas mayores han sido siempre el referente de la experiencia y el conocimiento, de hecho, en muchas culturas sigue siéndolo: "Sin embargo, en nuestra sociedad, parece que todo lo que viene de los mayores no tiene valor, esto es lo que tenemos que cambiar, y tenemos que hacerlo entre todos, jóvenes y mayores, empresas, instituciones, familias.” [. . . ] Margarito hace un recorrido sobre cómo afronta la persona la vejez y cómo la sociedad puede ayudarles a vivir con calidad.

Pregunta. ¿La jubilación, en su opinión, es un antes o un después en la vida de todas las personas?

Respuesta. En mi opinión, el concepto de la jubilación ha cambiado radicalmente. Hace unos años, suponía para muchas personas la etapa previa a los últimos años de la vida. [. . . ] Se sentían apartados y comenzaban a sentirse inútiles. La depresión era una de las enfermedades asociadas a la jubilación, debido a su baja autoestima y falta de actividad. En la actualidad, es todo lo contrario, la jubilación representa una etapa más de la vida, un momento en el que disfrutar de los resultados del esfuerzo de toda una vida; un tiempo que te permite llevar a cabo tus aficiones, realizar todo aquello que tus responsabilidades familiares y laborales no te permitieron. Pero también es una etapa en la que tienes que mantenerte activo física e intelectualmente para evitar enfermedades degenerativas [. . . ].

P. ¿Qué beneficios puede tener la jubilación para estas personas?

R. Hay estudios que afirman que finalizar la etapa laboral disminuye la depresión, pues el porcentaje de españoles de 55 a 64 años que presentan síntomas depresivos es un 27% mayor que el de los mayores de 65 años, que ya se han jubilado. Además, el estilo de vida pasa a ser más saludable. No solo porque por fin se deje atrás el estrés que provoca el trabajo, sino porque, tal y como revela el informe de Vivaz, el porcentaje de españoles de 65 a 75 años que realiza ejercicio de forma regular aumenta un 28% respecto a la década previa al retiro. Además, se sigue la dieta mediterránea con más asiduidad (+12%), se fuma y se bebe mucho menos (-61% y -6%, respectivamente) y se está más satisfecho con la vida social (+9%).

P. En su red de servicios para los más mayores, ¿qué es lo que más demandan?

R. [. . . ] El sénior del siglo XXI no quiere que decidan por él, ni quiere vivir en instituciones de largos pasillos donde todo esté decidido, cuándo tienen que levantarse, lo tiene que comer, a qué hora tienen que ducharse, etcétera. Quiere tomar sus propias decisiones sobre cómo quiere pasar su vida después de la jubilación.

P. ¿Cómo podemos, como sociedad, mejorar su calidad de vida?

R. Según vamos avanzando en edad, muchos mayores sienten que no cuentan con ellos para tomar decisiones familiares y reclaman más afecto y comprensión. Sienten que solo son importantes en los periodos electorales [. . . ]. Pero el resto del tiempo son los eternos olvidados. La soledad es una de las peores lacras que tiene nuestra sociedad y el sector que más la sufre es precisamente el del mayor. Por tanto, a su pregunta sobre si la sociedad apoya a los mayores, mi opinión es que no [. . . ]. Cambiemos el modelo de las residencias [.

. . ]. El modelo de atención que se está implantando se denomina “mi casa”, y está basado en una nueva forma de vivienda alternativa a la residencia, un lugar grato y confortable que se parece más a su hogar, en el que la persona sigue manteniendo el control de su vida, se respetan sus derechos y decisiones, y no se interrumpe de forma brusca su proyecto y forma de vivir anterior. [. . . ] Servicios que permitan potenciar sus capacidades, sus habilidades, y como no, sus formas de ocio; y no será suficiente atender solo sus patologías y déficits. Lugares donde la dignidad no se pierda solo por haber cumplido una edad o por necesitar una atención sanitaria.

Otra forma de mejorar la calidad de vida de la sociedad en general es potenciando la intergeneración, de nada sirve que una sociedad camine de forma independiente en función del sector del que se trate. La intergeneración provoca empatía, [. . . ]. Te pones en los zapatos de la otra persona y eres capaz de entender lo que necesita. Además, las empresas deberían darse cuenta de que un equipo de trabajo intergeneracional, donde la experiencia, el conocimiento, la tecnología, la formación y la ilusión, siempre asegurará el éxito de un proyecto. De nada sirve despedir a las personas por el solo hecho de haber cumplido una cierta edad, ¿qué pasa con su conocimiento y su experiencia? Hasta que cumplieron los 50 eran profesionales de primer nivel y una vez llegados a esa edad, ¿ya no sirven?

Adaptado de://elpais.com

Sobre a frase “De nada sirve despedir a las personas por el solo hecho de haber cumplido una cierta edad, ¿qué pasa con su conocimiento y su experiencia?”, considere as afirmativas a seguir.

I. A autora do texto questiona o porquê de a idade determinar quem continua sendo apto para uma função laborativa.

II. A experiência e o conhecimento de alguém no seu trabalho parecem não importar quando a pessoa atinge uma determinada idade.

III. As despedidas feitas pelos colegas de trabalho para os que se aposentam parecem desconsiderar a experiência e o conhecimento da pessoa.

IV. A frase questiona como a experiência e o conhecimento de uma pessoa devem ser repassados por quem se despede dos colegas de trabalho.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

a) Somente as afirmativas I e II são corretas.

b) Somente as afirmativas I e IV são corretas.

c) Somente as afirmativas III e IV são corretas.

d) Somente as afirmativas I, II e III são corretas.

e) Somente as afirmativas II, III e IV são corretas.

02. (UEL)

Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão.

After failing to learn a new language on five separate occasions, I taught myself to speak Spanish like a native in just six months by watching movies and TV shows, listening to music, and reading books and comics like Harry Potter and Garfield.

This simple, easy-to-learn technique, that even the most linguistically-challenged can master literally overnight, is used by many of the most respected and skilled polyglots and language teachers in the world, and it’s never really been laid out, explained, and demonstrated in full, point-by-point, step-by-step detail until now.

When characters in a movie or TV show are speaking the dialogue, unless it’s set in a previous period like the 1800s or something, they speak normal, everyday language. So if you wanted to learn Spanish, the type of normal everyday Spanish that native speakers use every day, aka “conversational Spanish”. . . Don’t you think that Spanish-language TV shows, movies, music, and books might be a good source to learn from. . . if only you knew how?

Not only that, but it would be fun, wouldn’t it? Far better than learning the language from some boring, dry textbook or workbook that, even worse, is teaching outdated, formal, “non-conversational” Spanish (look at the dialogue in one sometime: do people actually talk like that? No).

The basic technique is obvious: consume popular Spanish-language media and try to learn what they’re saying by looking up what you don’t understand. Sure. But the issue is twofold:

1) The problems you will inevitably run into (how do I apply what I’ve learned? how do I ensure I’m not misunderstanding the meaning and thereby learning something incorrect? where do I look things up? what if it’s not in the dictionary and Google Translate isn’t cutting it? etc.), and...

2) How do we do things as efficiently as possible? If you’re a beginner you’re going to have to sort out how to do this all on your own, how to solve any problems you might run into on your own, while probably doing many things less effectively and slower than is necessary. I’ve

already learned all this stuff the hard way, I’ve made many of the mistakes you would if you went this alone, let me just save you a ton of time, trouble, and possibly money by teaching you what I already know from experience.

Has this basic technique been used for centuries by language students and teachers alike? Yes, there are records dating back to the 18th century of language teachers using popular media in the language they’re teaching to help their students learn it. I’m not claiming to have invented it. What I’ve done here is, after having used and refined the technique myself for several years, distilled it down to a system that’s easy to learn, and which is taught in a format that’s organized, easy to understand, and which takes advantage of all the latest technology, such as all the various resources available on the internet now.

Adaptado de: Andrew Tracey - author of The Telenovela Method www.amazon.com

Andrew Tracey, autor do livro The Telenovela Method, afirma que a técnica para aprender espanhol que ele expõe em seu livro

a) baseia-se na língua falada no dia a dia nos veículos de comunicação.

b) foi desenvolvida no século XVIII para auxiliar o ensino de línguas.

c) tem sido muito divulgada em diferentes publicações nos últimos anos.

d) possibilita aprender a escrever como um nativo da língua espanhola.

e) dispensa a utilização de dicionários como recursos de aprendizagem.

03. (UEL)

Leia o texto a seguir e responda a questão

Simpler spelling may be more relevant than ever

The complexity of English spellings has been bothering people for nearly as long as English has been written down. They argue that inconsistent spellings make English unnecessarily hard to learn. The English Spelling Society, a UK organisation pushing for easier spellings, even argues that there’s a link between difficult spelling and higher crime, with illiteracy pushing people into a life of illegality. While that argument might be a stretch, it’s clear that non-traditional spelling does create a bad impression.

Compared to the UK variants, US spellings are easier for non-native speakers to learn, being shorter and slightly more phonetic. These US spellings are a legacy of dictionary pioneer Noah Webster’s movement for simplified spelling. This movement sought to cleanse English of double and silent letters, as well as other inefficiencies related to orthography (the system of writing and spelling words).

There was a practical as well as a political element to this. Not only would learners find it easier to master simplified spellings, Webster reasoned, but humbler spellings were actually more democratic, and would help differentiate the Americans from their recent colonial masters across the pond.

Webster’s ideas led to the proliferation in the US of “labor” over “labour” and “center” over “centre”, even if not all his ideas have become the “fashon”. For one thing, English is such an irregular language that it’s impossible to iron out all the kinks. No form of English is written out completely phonetically, as anybody with a tough cough (tuf cawf?) will know. Any new spelling rules would need plenty of exceptions. Overall, English’s erratic spellings bear witness to the many words it has absorbed from other languages. Like the wealth of accents among English speakers, this feature both enriches the language and poses a challenge to standardised simplified spellings.

English spellings and dyslexia

One group that might be helped by simpler spellings is people with dyslexia. In linguistic terms, English is opaque, meaning that there’s little correlation and consistency between its spoken and written forms. What you read and what you say can seem very different. Finnish and Spanish, in contrast, are more transparent. So “kids learn to read English slower than kids who learned transparent languages like Spanish, Italian, Czech, German”, says Liory Fern-Pollak, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London.

As dyslexia has a neurological basis, an affected person would have dyslexia regardless of whether they were born in Finland or England. But Fern-Pollak explains that it would be easier to diagnose them in England, as they grapple with the idiosyncratic spellings of English.

English in the internet age

Webster’s ideas are perhaps newly relevant, as the language of IT and the internet increasingly influences how English is written. Globally, Google returns more results for US spellings. In computing, “program” is generally accepted over “programme”. Shorter words are more versatile in text messages and social media posts, and search engine optimisation often favours US spellings. The Googlelisation (or “Googlization”) of the internet is one reason that Thai learners, for instance, prefer American spellings.

But the internet is also exposing people to a large variety of spellings. So “people are representing their spoken dialects more through spelling in spaces like Twitter and Instagram”, says Lauren Squires, a linguist at Ohio State University. She believes that “people are becoming more comfortable with spelling variation”, even though there’s a strong and enduring idea that only one spelling can be correct.

RO, Christine. Simpler spelling may be more relevant than ever. BBC Worklife. 13th June 2019.

De acordo com o texto, pessoas com dislexia poderiam ser beneficiadas com a simplificação da ortografia da língua inglesa porque

a) elas poderiam aprender a ler e escrever em inglês mais rapidamente.

b) elas teriam mais facilidade para aprender outras línguas europeias.

c) seria possível elaborar seu diagnóstico com mais clareza e precisão.

d) permitiria a colaboração de neurocientistas de outras nacionalidades

e) haveria mais proximidade entre o jeito de falar e o jeito de escrever.

04. (UEL)

De acordo com o texto, um dos argumentos da English Spelling Society para defender a simplificação da ortografia da língua inglesa é que

a) a ortografia complexa da língua inglesa dificulta muito o processo de aprendizagem.

b) há uma relação entre taxas maiores de criminalidade e a complexidade ortográfica.

c) é necessário amenizar a má impressão que outros países têm em relação ao inglês.

d) a Inglaterra se beneficiaria com a maior proximidade da ortografia usada pelos EUA.

e) possibilitaria uma redução no número de pessoas analfabetas nos países britânicos.

05. (UEL)

Leia o poema a seguir e responda à questão.

CAGED BIRD

Maya Angelou

A free bird leaps

on the back of the wind and floats downstream till the current ends and dips his wing

in the orange sun rays and dares to claim the sky.

But a bird that stalks down his narrow cage can seldom see through his bars of rage

his wings are clipped and his feet are tied

so he opens his throat to sing.

The caged bird sings with a fearful trill

of things unknown but longed for still and his tune is heard on the distant hill

for the caged bird sings of freedom.

The free bird thinks of another breeze

and the trade winds soft through the sighing trees and the fat worms waiting on a dawn bright lawn and he names the sky his own.

But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream

his wings are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his throat to sing.

Adaptado de ANGELOU, M. “Caged Bird” In: The Poetry Foundation (website). Disponível em www.poetryfoundation.org

Nota sobre a autora: Maya Angelou (1924-2014) foi uma poeta norte-americana que explorou em suas obras temas como a segregação racial, a desigualdade de gêneros e a opressão social entre outros.

Em relação à comparação entre os pássaros presente no poema, considere as afirmativas a seguir.

I. Os verbos “leaps”, “floats” e “dips”, na primeira estrofe, descrevem a relação positiva que o pássaro tem com a natureza, decorrente de sua liberdade.

II. As palavras “narrow” e “seldom”, na segunda estrofe, enfatizam a sensação de aprisionamento do pássaro engaiolado.

III. O uso do adjetivo “fearful” em “fearful trill” remete ao tom ameaçador do canto do pássaro engaiolado.

IV. No verso “and dares to claim the sky”, o verbo “to claim” é utilizado para realçar o egoísmo do pássaro livre.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

Somente as afirmativas I e II são corretas. Somente as afirmativas I e IV são corretas.

Somente as afirmativas III e IV são corretas.

Somente as afirmativas I, II e III são corretas.

Somente as afirmativas II, III e IV são corretas.

06. (UEL)

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PROJECT DETAILS

* PRINCIPAL SCIENTIST: Peter Kohler, founder and director of The Plastic Tide

* SCIENTIST AFFILIATION: The Scientific Exploration Society and the Royal Geographical Society

* DATES: Ongoing

* PROJECT TYPE: Data Processing

* COST: Free

* GRADE LEVEL: All Ages

* TIME COMMITMENT: variable

* HOW TO JOIN:

REGISTER AT THE ZOONIVERSE WEB SITE. THEN USE YOUR COMPUTER OR MOBILE DEVICE TO ANALYZE IMAGES IN THE PLASTIC TIDE’S DATABASE FOR PLASTICS AND LITTER. TAG EACH PIECE OF PLASTIC YOU SPOT BY DRAWING A RECTANGLE AROUND IT ON YOUR SCREEN AND IDENTIFY IT AS FRAGMENTS, FISHING LINE, DRINK BOTTLES OR SOME OTHER TYPE OF PLASTIC WASTE.

Estimates are currently at trillions of pieces and counting, with over 60 percent of the oceans being heavily contaminated with plastics. With each piece of plastic taking over 400 years to degrade, our oceans, all marine life, and even our own health and livelihoods are in real danger of drowning. Despite this and the 8 million tons of plastics entering our ocean each year, researchers can account for only one percent of that ends up: our ocean surface. Where is the missing 99 percent?

The answer can be found on the seafloor, in marine life, and on our coastlines. The Zooniverse Plastic Tide citizen science project harnesses drone imagery from a series of beaches and the power of computer programs, or machine learning algorithms for the more technically minded, to eventually create a program that can autodetect, measure and monitor the levels of plastics and marine litter washing up on our beaches. Eventually helping us to track where plastics and litter go in our oceans, revealing where the missing 99 percent is in our ocean goes.

By tagging plastics and litter in the images we take with our drone, citizen scientists directly teach our computer program to autodetect, measure and monitor plastics to help researchers answer how much of the missing 99 percent ends up on our beaches. The more you tag, the better the computer program gets at identifying plastics!

GREENEMEIER, L. The Plastic Tide. In: Scientific American (online) Citizen Science. 28 abr. 2018. Disponível em www.scientificamerican.com

Com relação à pesquisa, atribua V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso) às afirmativas a seguir.

( ) O objetivo geral da pesquisa é descobrir o paradeiro dos rejeitos plásticos despejados nos oceanos.

( ) Com o auxílio do banco de dados gerado pela pesquisa, cientistas já conseguem identificar o paradeiro de 1% dos rejeitos plásticos.

( ) Os resíduos plásticos que representam uma ameaça urgente são as linhas de pesca e as garrafas plásticas.

( ) O trabalho dos voluntários com as fotografias auxilia o computador a identificar diferentes tipos de resíduos plásticos.

( ) Segundo estimativas, os resíduoas plásticos contaminam mais da metade dos oceanos.

Assinale a alternativa que contém, de cima para baixo, a sequência correta.

a) V, V, V, F, F.

b) V, V, F, F, V.

c) V, F, F, V, V.

d) F, V, F, V, F.

e) F, F, V, F, V.

07. (UEL)

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.

IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19th century, a relatively unknown author named Pedro Carolino rapidly gained intercontinental popularity over a small Portuguese-to-English phrasebook. English as She Is Spoke (or O novo guia da conversação em portuguez e inglez) was originally intended to help Portuguese speakers dabble in the English tongue, but was penned by a man who spoke little to no English himself. And, instead of helping Portuguese speakers learn a second language, it became a cult classic for fans of inept and unintentional humor.

It quickly gained notoriety among English speakers, including author Mark Twain, who wrote the introduction for the first English edition, published in 1883. Twain expressed his approval of the book, saying “Nobody can add to the absurdity of this book, nobody can imitate it successfully, nobody can hope to produce its fellow; it is perfect.”

It is presumed that Carolino wrote the book through the aid of a Portuguese-to-French dictionary and a French-to-English dictionary, using the former for an initial translation of a word or phrase from Portuguese, and the latter to convert it from French into English. The result, of course, is a mishmash of cloudy gibberish.

Perhaps the most notorious section of the book is an appropriately named chapter entitled “Idiotisms and Proverbs,” which again features phrases that vary between barely understandable and completely nonsensical. Examples of Carolino’s twice-translated proverbs include: “it is better be single as a bad company”; “there is no better sauce who the appetite”; and simply “That not says a word, consent”.

The book opens with a preface written in a peculiar style of English. It details the book’s intended audience, stating that it “may be worth the acceptation of the studious persons, and especially of the Youth, of which we dedicate him particularly.” Perhaps predictably, English as She Is Spoke did not become popular among Portuguese-speaking students. In fact, it was never published in Portugal, although it did find an audience 133 years later in Brazil, when it was released as a comedy title.

Adaptado de LEIGHTY-PHILLIPS, Tucker. How a Portuguese-to-English Phrasebook became a cult comedy sensation. In: Atlas Obscura (online). 29 jun. 2016. Disponível em www.atlasobscura.com

Em relação aos provérbios e expressões idiomáticas presentes no livro English as She Is Spoke, considere as afirmativas a seguir.

I. Os provérbios e expressões trazem jogos de palavras que fazem alusões a expressões em língua portuguesa que são interpretadas como irônicas pelo falante de português.

II. A tradução dos provérbios e expressões transforma as frases em combinações bizarras de palavras que fazem pouco sentido.

III. O efeito cômico também é atingido através de inadequações estruturais como, por exemplo, o uso incorreto de pronomes, como “who” e “ that”, que provocam um estranhamento no leitor falante de inglês.

IV. A escolha lexical inusitada dificulta a compreensão das frases pelo falante nativo de língua inglesa que as considera engraçadas por soarem incoerentes.

Assinale a alternativa correta.

a) Somente as afirmativas I e II são corretas.

b) Somente as afirmativas I e IV são corretas.

c) Somente as afirmativas III e IV são corretas.

d) Somente as afirmativas I, II e III são corretas.

e) Somente as afirmativas II, III e IV são corretas.

Confira o gabarito com as respostas

LEIA TAMBÉM:

Autores modernistas e o maior poeta português na lista dos livros da UEL